How to Identify Good Quality Malts for Craft Brewing

Posted By: Sven van Rooijen In: 教育性 On: Comment: 0 favorite Hit: 1140


Not only in China, craft beer is booming all over the world. Craft beer brewers continue to produce a wide range of craft beer, which is gradually changing the pattern of the market. Without high-quality raw materials, there will be no various flavors and colors of beer. However, in the eyes of large commercial breweries that usually use auxiliary materials and whole malt craft brewers, the so-called "superior quality" has different standards.

 

difference

For a long time, lagers produced by a few large breweries have dominated the Chinese beer market. These types of beer are usually produced in large quantities and at lower cost. In the face of these unified large-scale wineries, the malt manufacturing industry provides a variety of malts ( >50% corn or rice) with high enzymatic effects and high FAN (free amino nitrogen ). At present, the needs of craft brewers are different. Almost all craft brewers brew whole malt beer. What they need is many different types of malt in order to be able to continuously innovate and discover new recipes. Craft brewers are not after high-volume and low-cost, but high-quality and excellent beer flavor. Since the initial gravity is large and the craft brewers are brewing all malt beer, the quality of malt is particularly important.

 

What does the brewer need?

  • Malt is a source of fermentable sugar. Yeast ferments sugar to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. Good malt should have a higher extraction value, reaching 82% and above.
  • Malt is a source of enzymes, which are very important for breaking down starch. Craft brewers need effective enzymatic action to transform malt, and in this regard, auxiliary beer producers need higher enzyme activation in order to be able to transform rice, corn and other auxiliary materials. Excessive enzymatic effects can cause problems for whole malt brewers, which may be difficult to control, making the brewing results unstable and negatively affecting the taste of beer.
  • Malt can provide macronutrients and free amino nitrogen (FAN) needed for fermentation. Compared with craft beer brewing, auxiliary beer brewing requires higher FAN malt, because a large amount of FAN will significantly affect the stability of beer flavor, and this will be amplified in whole malt beer.
  • Malt affects the overall flavor of beer and the balance between hops and yeast.
  • Malt affects the color of beer.


How to judge the quality of malt? 

评价麦芽的品质有很多不同方法,一般较好的麦芽制造商应能够提供麦芽的来源和生产信息,能够向你提供其所有麦芽品种的主要分析,以及你所订购麦芽的具体分析。当然,你可以通过亲自查验麦芽的颜色、气味、味道和香气,对麦芽进行检查。好的麦芽应大小较为一致,谷粒要大。闻起来应该有新鲜麦芽的气味,不能有腐味或霉味。试着将谷粒掰开两半,可以看出麦芽的易碎性,当然,准确的数字还是参考实验测试结果。

 

麦芽从何而来? 

麦芽的产地对麦芽的特点有很大的影响。几个世纪以来,世界各地的啤酒发展趋势均有所不同。大型商业酿酒厂主导着整个啤酒行业,从而也为麦芽制造和麦芽的特点定下了标准。在北美、澳大利亚和亚洲,商业酒厂主要生产的是高辅料拉格啤酒,辅料主要包括玉米、糖和稻米。他们在选择麦芽时,主要关注的是酶促作用和价格两方面因素,以便能够转化辅料、大批量生产价格低廉的啤酒。这与欧洲的做法略有不同。在欧洲,酿造的是100%全麦芽的啤酒,不添加辅料。因此,在选择麦芽时,追求的是高提取率和理想的啤酒风味。在啤酒酿造历史方面的不同、以及各自的偏好,使得目前大部分双棱大麦种植于欧洲,而大部分六棱大麦种植在澳大利亚和北美。很多亚洲的大型商业酒厂使用的另一种降低成本的方式,是使用饲料级大麦代替酿酒专用大麦。澳大利亚出口的大麦中,有80%是饲料级大麦。精酿啤酒业一直以来主要使用的是双棱大麦麦芽。这也说明了为什么欧洲的麦芽制造商在美国精酿啤酒业取得了成功。


双棱大麦与六棱大麦的区别

双棱和六棱指的是成熟的大麦谷粒上的棱数。两种大麦都有明显的特征,适用于不同的目的。六棱大麦能够承受恶劣的气候环境,部分原因是其高蛋白质含量和较厚的外壳。六棱大麦中蛋白质含量较高,使其酶促能力和FAN含量较高,因此高辅料拉格啤酒生产商较为偏好这种大麦。较高的蛋白质含量和低廉的成本,也使六棱大麦成为良好的牲畜饲料。

全麦芽酿酒商更偏好使用双棱大麦,因为双棱大麦蛋白质含量较低、提取率高、谷粒较大也较为统一、外壳较薄、并且口味更佳。较低的蛋白质含量与较低的FAN水平、和较低的酶促作用相关。过高的FAN水平会显著影响啤酒风味的稳定性,而较高的酶活化作用在糖化阶段很难控制,可能造成转化过程过快或不稳定,影响啤酒的风味和色泽。

如今在美国,还有一些为酿造啤酒而种植的六棱大麦,而世界上其他地区的六棱大麦主要是用来饲养牲畜。在中国,这个问题尤其存在,很多饲料级大麦被制成了麦芽,卖给了酿酒商。

随着精酿啤酒行业蓬勃发展,对于酿酒麦芽的需求也在不断变化,双棱大麦变得更为流行起来。虽然在整个啤酒行业消费中,精酿啤酒所占比例仍相对较小,但精酿啤酒每百升需要用到的麦芽是高辅料啤酒的几倍。大部分双棱大麦仍产于欧洲,那些适宜双棱大麦生长的地区,这也说明了欧洲麦芽制造商在美国精酿啤酒革命中成功的原因。

 

分析报告中的重要参数

不同批次的大麦不会100%相同。生长季节的降雨量、土壤中营养含量和气温等因素,都会影响大麦的生长,不同年份、地区甚至不同的两块土地,都会有所不同。这些因素会影响到谷粒大小、淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和水分含量等。麦芽制造商的目标在于生产品质稳定的麦芽,这样才能酿造出品质如一的啤酒。高质量的麦芽制造商每年生产出的麦芽质量都是始终如一的。这一结果可以在麦芽分析中查看。读懂麦芽分析结果对于理解酒厂的糖化能力及啤酒的风味有着十分关键的作用,也决定着酿造过程中是否需要做出调整。

 

 

分析报告中最重要的一些参数

 虽然麦汁的颜色(EBC)并不是衡量质量的标准,也无法以此判断啤酒成品的颜色,但仍会对这一参数进行测量,因为麦汁的颜色表明了所使用的麦芽种类。通过将麦汁与色板对比,确定该参数。

 易碎性衡量的是当麦芽被碾压时,是否容易破碎。其目的与粉性有些相关,有些麦芽制造商使用易碎性代替粉性作为衡量标准。麦芽的易碎性至少应达到80%,大于85%的为优质麦芽。

 酶活化能力指的是麦芽中的酶在糖化过程中将淀粉分解成糖,以使发酵过程产生酒精。评估这一能力可以有不同的衡量指标,例如α-淀粉酶,酶促作用或哈同45比较数等。全麦芽啤酒酿造需要足够的酶活化作用,但不能过度。

 所有的啤酒酿造商,不论规模大小,都偏好提取量高的麦芽。提取量衡量的是糖化之后,麦芽中提取出的糖的含量。提取量是根据糖化实验测量的。麦芽糖化提取量一般在80-82%之间,提取量越高越好。

 S/T、库尔巴哈值和FAN是几种衡量麦芽中可溶性蛋白质所占百分比的不同方式。这一百分比很重要,因为它表明了在发酵第一阶段中,酵母所能获取到的营养。过少的氨基酸会导致生产出的酒精较少,最终重量较高;而过多或者所占比例过高,可能会导致啤酒液体浑浊(小麦中蛋白质含量高=小麦啤酒液体浑浊)。对于精酿啤酒商来说,总蛋白质含量在9%10%之间是较为理想的。S/T值应在35%45%之间。

■The grain size rating is the most important physical measurement parameter, and the measurement process is quick and simple. Barley and malt are sorted through vibrating sieves with apertures of 2.8mm , 2.5mm and 2.2mm respectively . Barley larger than 2.5mm (sieve 1 + 2 ) is suitable for making malt. The barley in sieve 3 and below is feed-grade barley for feeding livestock. In high-quality malted barley, grains larger than 2.5 mm should account for at least 95% . <span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:107%;font-family:Calibri, sans-seri&

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